Among livestock sub-sector, poultry alone contributes nearly four percent of the GDP. Nepal is an agrarian based economy and livestock sector including fisheries contributes nearly 12.5% to the total GDP. Also, as this virus has human like receptor specificity, it possess a potential to transmit to human posing a public health threat. AI subtype H9 are generally but not always LPAI, as subtype H9N2 circulating in the Eurasian region has caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry, owing to decline in egg production and mortality when associated with other infections. HPAI has a zoonotic potential and can be transmitted to human from infected birds. Generally, HPAI is caused by AIV subtypes H5 or H7 but not all H5 and H7 are highly pathogenic. We suggest improving management practices and increase biosecurity in the farms to reduce incidences of AI subtype H9 outbreaks in Kathmandu valley.Īvian influenza virus (AIV) type A strains are broadly classified into two categories based on pathogenicity: highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), that causes severe illness and high mortality, and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) that typically causes little or no clinical signs in birds.
This study depicts that outbreaks of AI subtype H9 in Kathmandu valley was related to poor management practices and biosecurity in the poultry farms. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted to calculate corresponding odds ratios. Nineteen potential risk factors were included in the questionnaire under the broad categories: birds and farm characteristics, management aspects and biosecurity status of the farms. Each farm was visited to collect information using semi-structured questionnaire. Out of 100 farms selected, 50 were “case” farms, confirmed positive to H9 at Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu, and other 50 farms were “control” farms, matched for farm size and locality within a radius of three km from the case farm. A retrospective case-control study was conducted from April 2018 to May 2019 in Kathmandu Valley to understand the risk factors associated with AI subtype H9 outbreaks. However, the risk factors associated with these outbreaks have not been assessed. Since last three years, outbreaks of AI subtype H9 has caused huge economic losses in major poultry producing areas of Nepal. This has been both a both public health threat and an economic issue. However, this sector is under threat with periodic outbreaks of Avian Influenza (AI) subtypes H5 and H9 since 2009. It appears that the placement of a single methyl group determines selectivity between α7 and α3β2 nAChRs via different molecular determinants.Poultry sector contributes to four percent in national GDP of Nepal. Incorporation of norleucine (Nle) caused the largest (8-fold) increase in affinity for the α7 subtype (Ki = 44 nM) though selectivity reverted to α3β2 (IC 50 = 0.7 nM). Molecular docking revealed dominant hydrophobic interactions with several α7 and α3β2 receptor residues via a hydrophobic funnel. Using electrophysiological and radioligand binding methods on a suite of PnIA analogs we observed that hydrophobic residues in position 10 maintained potency at both subtypes whereas charged or polar residues abolished α7 binding. We now describe a molecular analysis of the receptor–ligand interactions that determine the role of position 10 in determining potency and selectivity for the α7 and α3β2 nAChR subtypes. α-Conotoxin PnIA is a potent and selective antagonist of the mammalian α7 nAChR with a key binding interaction at position 10. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a diverse class of ligand-gated ion channels involved in neurological conditions such as neuropathic pain and Alzheimer's disease.
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